influenza meaning in english

[27], It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the early stages of these infections. One important basic research program is the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project, which was initiated in 2004 to create a library of influenza sequences and help clarify which factors make one strain more lethal than another, which genes most affect immunogenicity, and how the virus evolves over time. [6] Diarrhea and vomiting occur more commonly in gastroenteritis, which is an unrelated disease and sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or the "24-hour flu". However, influenza B mutates enough that lasting immunity is not possible. Learn more. Although mortality is usually low, the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth, causing economic loss to farmers. Each year, the World Health Organization predicts which strains of the virus are most likely to be circulating in the next year (see Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine), allowing pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines that will provide the best immunity against these strains. It is not limited to humans, most mammals and many birds can also … influenza. [258], Preventive costs are also high. People over 65 years old, pregnant women, very young children and people of any age with chronic medical conditions are more likely to get complications from influenza, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus, and ear infections. [2] A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate. [96], Influenza can be spread in three main ways:[97][98] by direct transmission (when an infected person sneezes mucus directly into the eyes, nose or mouth of another person); the airborne route (when someone inhales the aerosols produced by an infected person coughing, sneezing or spitting) and through hand-to-eye, hand-to-nose, or hand-to-mouth transmission, either from contaminated surfaces or from direct personal contact such as a handshake. [74] The viral RNA (vRNA) molecules, accessory proteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are then released into the cytoplasm (Stage 2). Knowing which genes are carried by a particular strain can help predict how well it will infect humans and how severe this infection will be (that is, predict the strain's pathophysiology). [55] Mutations can cause small changes in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus. [13] Increasingly prevalent resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has led researchers to seek alternative antiviral medications with different mechanisms of action. [7][8] Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes. Other viral proteins have multiple actions in the host cell, including degrading cellular mRNA and using the released nucleotides for vRNA synthesis and also inhibiting translation of host-cell mRNAs.[89]. [257] Other studies have attempted to predict the costs of a pandemic as serious as the 1918 Spanish flu on the U.S. economy, where 30% of all workers became ill, and 2.5% were killed. [97][101] Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitely when frozen. noun. Young children under age 5, and especially those under 12 months 2. [121], For healthy adults, a 2018 Cochrane review showed that vaccines reduced the incidence of lab-confirmed influenza from 2.3% to 0.9%, which constitutes a reduction of risk of approximately 60%. Most references in the media to "bird flu" and most references to H5N1 are about this specific strain. 'All Intensive Purposes' or 'All Intents and Purposes'? RNA tends to be single stranded but in special cases it is double. [259] On 1 November 2005, United States President George W. Bush unveiled the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza[256] backed by a request to Congress for $7.1 billion to begin implementing the plan. One possible explanation is that, because people are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person. [47][48][49][50][51][52][53] The type species for this family is Influenza D virus, which was first isolated in 2011.[8]. A Critical Review", "Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions", "Effect of influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel on morbidity and mortality among patients: systematic review and grading of evidence", "Vaccination of healthcare workers to protect patients at increased risk of acute respiratory disease: summary of a systematic review", "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season", "Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses", "Exercise prior to influenza vaccination for limiting influenza incidence and its related complications in adults", "Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies", Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, "Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base", "Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers", "Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households", "Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings", "Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Seasonal Influenza Virus Transmission", "Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. Negative-sense vRNAs that form the genomes of future viruses, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and other viral proteins are assembled into a virion. Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes based on antibody responses to HA and NA. [158] High-risk individuals such as young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems should visit the doctor for antiviral medications. Birds are thought to be the main animal reservoirs of influenza viruses. Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A. This is called antigenic drift, which slowly creates an increasing variety of strains until one evolves that can infect people who are immune to the pre-existing strains. [191] In the developed world most of those who die are over the age of 65. [288][289][290], In pigs swine influenza produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite. flu synonyms, flu pronunciation, flu translation, English dictionary definition of flu. In the United States, seasonal influenza is estimated to result in a total average annual economic cost of over $11 billion, with direct medical costs estimated to be over $3 billion annually. [173] Smoking is another risk factor associated with more serious disease and increased mortality from influenza. [194] Different methods in 2010 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a range from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of 49,000 per year. Antigenic Characterization of Influenza Viruses “Antigens” are … [218][219] One of the most well-chronicled pandemics of influenza in the 16th Century occurred in 1580, beginning in East Asia and spreading to Europe through Africa, Russia, and the Spanish and Ottoman Empires. [252] Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine, with support from the U.S. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza p… [175][176] This syndrome has been believed to also be a rare side effect of influenza vaccines. That's where the term influenza… Some strains such as Asian H9N2 are highly virulent to poultry and may cause more extreme symptoms and significant mortality. [55] The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans are: This genus has one species, influenza B virus. [206] Possibly the first influenza pandemic occurred around 6000 BC in China. 2020 April 8, Dr David Turner, “How railway staff were conduits a… [1] It is usually well tolerated. [135] It has generally been found to be a cost-effective intervention, especially in children[136] and the elderly,[137] however the results of economic evaluations of influenza vaccination have often been found to be dependent on key assumptions. These different types of HA and NA form the basis of the H and N distinctions in, for example, H5N1. Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). influenza; an acute, commonly epidemic disease characterized by respiratory symptoms and general prostration: … [280] In its most highly pathogenic form, influenza in chickens and turkeys produces a sudden appearance of severe symptoms and almost 100% mortality within two days. Influenza B almost exclusively infects humans[55] and is less common than influenza A. Build a city of skyscrapers—one synonym at a time. The genre goes back, in fact, at least as far as the, In World War I, nearly as many men died of, Even America’s less-than-comprehensive adoption of social distancing and masks could have the side benefit of reducing the incidence of, The holidays can typically accelerate the spread of seasonal, Health experts have said public health precautions recommended during the novel coronavirus outbreak, including masks and social distancing, may be helping to reduce, If those measures continue, Poland says, countries could see the most dramatic drop in, Post the Definition of influenza to Facebook, Share the Definition of influenza on Twitter, We Got You This Article on 'Gift' vs. 'Present'. [247] The first influenza virus to be isolated was from poultry, when in 1901, the agent causing a disease called "fowl plague" was passed through Chamberland filters, which have pores that are too small for bacteria to pass through. Because of the absence of RNA proofreading enzymes, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that copies the viral genome makes an error roughly every 10 thousand nucleotides, which is the approximate length of the influenza vRNA. [266] Research on a universal influenza A vaccine, targeted against the external domain of the transmembrane viral M2 protein (M2e), is being done at the University of Ghent by Walter Fiers, Xavier Saelens and their team[267][268][269] and has now successfully concluded Phase I clinical trials. [128][129], Due to the high mutation rate of the virus, a particular influenza vaccine usually confers protection for no more than a few years. [140], There are a number of rapid tests for the flu. [195], As influenza is caused by a variety of species and strains of viruses, in any given year some strains can die out while others create epidemics, while yet another strain can cause a pandemic. Seasonal influenza viruses are influenza A and B viruses that spread and cause illness in people during the time of year known as the “flu season.” Seasonal influenza viruses cause annual U.S. influenza … [66][67] However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually only causes mild disease in children. For example, lymphocyte T-cell immunomodulator inhibits viral growth in the murine model of influenza. [221] Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. [220], Later flu pandemics were not so devastating. These studies help in developing influenza countermeasures; for example, a better understanding of the body's immune system response helps vaccine development, and a detailed picture of how influenza invades cells aids the development of antiviral drugs. Enrich your vocabulary with the English Definition dictionary influenza. [148] Alcohol is an effective sanitizer against influenza viruses, while quaternary ammonium compounds can be used with alcohol so that the sanitizing effect lasts for longer. In addition, if a child (or presumably an adult) seems to be getting better and then relapses with a high fever, that is a danger sign since this relapse can be bacterial pneumonia. [87] These medications are sometimes effective against influenza A if given early in the infection but are ineffective against influenza B viruses, which lack the M2 drug target. 2. any of various viral … [164], The antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine inhibit a viral ion channel (M2 protein), thus inhibiting replication of the influenza A virus. In contrast, the highly lethal H5N1 strain binds to receptors that are mostly found deep in the lungs. [277], Flu symptoms in birds are variable and can be unspecific. Thus, influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, young and old, those with compromised immune systems, or the chronically ill.[79] People with a weak immune system, such as people with advanced HIV infection or transplant recipients (whose immune systems are medically suppressed to prevent transplant organ rejection), suffer from particularly severe disease. These vaccines can be effective against multiple strains and are used either as part of a preventive strategy, or combined with culling in attempts to eradicate outbreaks. Influenza A viruses also are found in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses and seals. [223] This is unusual since influenza is normally most deadly to the very young (under age 2) and the very old (over age 70). Influenza models, such as murine influenza, are convenient models to test the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic biologics. [73] However, despite these varied shapes, the viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition. Newly synthesized viral proteins are either secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface (in the case of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transported back into the nucleus to bind vRNA and form new viral genome particles (step 5a). [39][40] The obvious symptom is trouble breathing. It was incorrectly assumed that the cause of influenza was bacterial in origin from 1892 (with Haemophilus influenzae being discovered by and suggested as the origin of influenza by R. F. J. [64] Variants of flu virus are sometimes named according to the species the strain is endemic in or adapted to. [8][70][71] The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape. Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people, and total economic costs would be approximately $700 billion. The exact changes that are required for this to happen are not well understood. It was applied specifically to an influenza epidemic which began in Italy in 1743, later adopted in English … [1] A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. [67][105], For instance, part of the process that allows influenza viruses to invade cells is the cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin protein by any one of several human proteases. [291] Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a three- to four-week period. Researchers have estimated that such interventions during the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic in the US reduced the peak death rate by up to 50%, and the overall mortality by about 10–30%, in areas where multiple interventions were implemented. Influenza can cause mild to severe illness, and it may predispose to … Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. [62] This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2–3 times slower than type A[63] and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one influenza B serotype. [46], The fourth family of influenza viruses – Influenza D – was identified in 2016. [132] [293][294] This strain is a reassortment of several strains of H1N1 that are usually found separately, in humans, birds, and pigs. [133], A 2018 Cochrane review of children in good general health found that the live immunization seemed to lower the risk of getting influenza for the season from 18% to 4%. [130], A long-standing puzzle has been why outbreaks of the flu occur seasonally rather than uniformly throughout the year. : from Italian, literally ‘influence’, from medieval Latin influentia ‘inflow’, from Latin influere, from in-‘into’ + fluere ‘to flow’. influenza definition in English dictionary, influenza meaning, synonyms, see also 'influenzal',influent',influential',influence'. Influenza, also called flu or grippe, an acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that is marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness and pain in the muscles, … [291] Direct transmission of an influenza virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (this is called zoonotic swine flu). It is epizootic (an epidemic in non-humans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species, especially over a wide area), killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of other birds in an attempt to control its spread. [274] Most influenza strains are believed to have originated after humans began their intensive domestication of animals about 10,000 years ago. "[220] The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung. [55] As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age. [93], When an infected person sneezes or coughs more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by. [8], Influenzaviruses A, B, C, and D are very similar in overall structure. [18] Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses, and birds. [2] A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection even if the results are negative. [156] It is advised to avoid close contact with others to prevent spread of infection. It is known that virions converge to the microtubule organizing center, interact with acidic endosomes and finally enter the target endosomes for genome release. All Free. [220] In comparison to vaccines, the development of anti-influenza drugs has been slower, with amantadine being licensed in 1966 and, almost thirty years later, the next class of drugs (the neuraminidase inhibitors) being developed. Learn a new word every day. In Rome, over 8,000 people were killed. Also, when two or more viruses infect a cell, genetic variation may be generated by homologous recombination. Flu is short for influenza, which comes from an Italian (and Medieval Latin) word meaning 'influence.' Today, however, the stars are no longer blamed for the flu. [276] However, outbreaks in pigs are common and do not cause severe mortality. [1] These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. [168][169] The CDC recommended against using M2 inhibitors during the 2005–06 influenza season due to high levels of drug resistance. [80][81], Viruses can replicate only in living cells. He's making a quiz, and checking it twice... Test your knowledge of the words of the year. A 30% sickness rate and a three-week length of illness would decrease the gross domestic product by 5%. [171] Pregnant women and young children are also at a high risk for complications. This new variant then replaces the older strains as it rapidly sweeps through the human population, often causing an epidemic. Human influenza viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses with a pleomorphic appearance and a diameter range between 80 to 120 nanometers. [102] However, if the virus is present in mucus, this can protect it for longer periods (up to 17 days on banknotes). [157] Since influenza is caused by a virus, antibiotics have no effect on the infection; unless prescribed for secondary infections such as bacterial pneumonia. [212][213] The first pandemic of influenza to be reliably recorded as spreading worldwide was the 1557 influenza pandemic,[214][215][216][217] in which a reoccurring wave likely killed Queen Mary I of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury within 12 hours of each other. Governments worldwide have spent billions of U.S. dollars preparing and planning for a potential H5N1 avian influenza pandemic, with costs associated with purchasing drugs and vaccines as well as developing disaster drills and strategies for improved border controls. Another problem is that individuals become infectious before they become symptomatic, which means that putting people in quarantine after they become ill is not an effective public health intervention. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)", "Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness", "Making better influenza virus vaccines? The Italian word also has the sense ‘an outbreak of an epidemic’, hence ‘epidemic’. [1] Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. [125] Whether immunizing health care workers affects patient outcomes is controversial with some reviews finding insufficient evidence[126][127] and others finding tentative evidence. [124] In those at high risk immunization may reduce the risk of heart disease. [150], Social distancing strategies used during past pandemics, such as quarantines, travel restrictions, and the closing of schools, churches and theaters, have been employed to slow the spread of influenza viruses. [27] The length of time the virus will persist on a surface varies, with the virus surviving for one to two days on hard, non-porous surfaces such as plastic or metal, for about fifteen minutes on dry paper tissues, and only five minutes on skin. This genus has one species, influenza A virus. In 2006, a study estimated that if a strain with similar virulence to the 1918 influenza had emerged that year, it could have killed between 50 and 80 million people. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience shortness of breath while they have the flu, and influenza may cause worsening of coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure. [259], In March 2013, the Chinese government reported three cases of H7N9 influenza infections in humans, two of whom had died and the third became critically ill. [42], In virus classification, influenza viruses are negative sense RNA viruses that make up four of the seven genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae:[44], These viruses are only distantly related to the human parainfluenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family that are a common cause of respiratory infections in children such as croup,[45] but can also cause a disease similar to influenza in adults. [65], This genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both severe illness and local epidemics. by direct transmission (when an infected person sneezes mucus directly into the eyes, nose or mouth of another person); the airborne route (when someone inhales the. [153] It should be done within 3–4 days of symptom onset, as upper respiratory viral shedding takes a downward spiral after that. Neuraminidase antigens on the antibody response to virus or antigens 8, Dr David Turner, “ How railway were! 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