what are the benefits of media convergence

As a result, with flexible signalling, the BBUs do not need to generate or process all the signals and this therefore reduces the complexity. RoF can support both digital RoF and analogue RoF, but analogue RoF will benefit more in terms of convergence and centralization. Media convergence is putting that book put onto your Kindle as another vehicle for content delivery, made into a movie, put on Audible, and even made into a video game for people to play with the story’s characters. Explain the rationale to enter a mature market with asuccessful and established brand, the GustBuster®.​, what do you mean when we say culture is diverse​, elore each number.d 1. Extreme capacity, access data rate and performance demands are typically required for next-generation wireless access. This case raises important policy issues regarding howcountries encourage employment and new business start-ups.Senz has decided to manufacture in On top of a centralized RAN, RoF provides high-level centralization and minimizes complexity distribution. (Online version in colour.). Sharing happens not only inside the CO, but over the whole access infrastructure. Convergence lead the media is more interactive and audience participation is encouraged. In the next-generation 5G mobile communications, a large number of antennas are needed at the cell site in order to support antenna techniques such as massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output), and each antenna needs a high-capacity stream in the CPRI scheme. The reconfiguration manipulated by the upper layers maintains the desired connections between BBUs and RAUs. In this convergence, RATs, coverage, carrier aggregation (CA), architectures and communication media are inherently associated and jointly developed. For example, a user that is 1 km away from the CO and covered by a small cell with 2 km fibre fronthaul (including 1 km of detour) has a fixed time offset of 6.7 μs without any jitter. In this case, the virtual BS from each RAU’s viewpoint is identical. By doing so, all the light sources for both downlink and uplink are aggregated at the optical line terminal (OLT). As mobile fronthaul networks evolve from 4G to 5G, it becomes technically challenging and cost-prohibitive to accommodate multiple bands and multiple services into the conventional C-RAN network using digital interfaces. Architectures of (a) distributed RAN and centralized RAN with (b) digital fibre-optic fronthaul and (c) RoF fronthaul. When a five-channel CA is applied, a 50 Gb s−1 speed will eventually consume all transceiver capacity. The convergence of fibre-optic and radio access networks will ultimately benefit future mobile users in a ‘no-more-cells’ and ‘no-more-standards’ environment to attain highly rich and reliable experience beyond the capacity crunch. Furthermore, advanced technologies such as coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmissions and multi-point CA rely heavily on fronthaul characteristics, which introduce stringent synchronization and system stability requirements on mobile fronthaul designs [20]. This has also brought about a change in the dynamics of economy as distribution and cost structure is not the same in traditional media. The ‘wall’ between different cells creates a challenge in both mobile users’ experience and the backhauling for cell sites. … )Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint, Figure 1. In comparison with their high-speed counterparts, low-speed DAC/ADCs with high resolution and reliable performance can provide us with an inexpensive option to employ a low-cost intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) scheme for a future digitized optical access network, especially at BSs. In current RANs, digital fronthaul solutions such as CPRI and OBSAI are straightforward and robust approaches to fulfil basic LTE bandwidth needs. As a transient structure between backhaul and fronthaul, mobile midhaul is the link between a macro-BBU and its extending RAUs, as shown in figure 4. In addition, local small cells are connected by mobile midhaul and supported by BSs [6]. In this paper, we have discussed and reviewed the benefits of the convergence of fibre-optic-based optical access networks with RANs beyond the current bandwidth crunch. The convergence of fibre-optic and wireless communications enables radio-over-fibre (RoF) fronthaul as a new form of RAT and hence fully centralized RANs. Multi-service coexistence, multi-RAT support and license-assisted access (LAA) allow users to wander between previously disparate standards. Since MMW has small wavelength, massive MIMO technology with beam forming is promising for high-performance radio access. By centralizing all DSP functions into BBU, downstream RF signals are transmitted as analogue signals, where multiple bands of multiple services can be multiplexed in the frequency domain by using band mapping and CA techniques [21]. It improves optical spectrum efficiency and simplifies RAU design, as signals are transmitted over the fronthaul in their RF form with relatively much smaller bandwidths, and no conversion is needed at the RAU. The low-frequency small cells are normally in unlicensed bands (e.g. Media Convergence Question on Quora – What is It? However, they still require high-speed DA/AD (digital-to-analogue/analogue-to-digital) converters at BSs, which will reduce the network scalability and tremendously increase the cost. The five major elements of media convergence—the technological, the … Benefits of Media Convergence: The content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group. As a result of significant impacts from wireless service providers and hardware developers, multichannel low-speed DAC/ADC chips, mixer arrays and electrical oscillators have been manufactured on a large scale by the IC industry with low costs. There is lots of research on beam-forming schemes based on all-electronic or photonic-assisted structures. For each operator, sharing of its services involves the physical resources and the O&M. Different approaches for the realization of a high-speed fibre–wireless integration system as mobile backhaul/fronthaul, including optical polarization division multiplexing (PDM) combined with MIMO reception [31,32], advanced multi-level modulation, multi-carrier modulation [30], antenna polarization multiplexing [33,34], MMW CoMP transmissions [35,36] and multi-band multiplexing, have been proposed [37]. Since complexity is centralized at the OLT, the system has potential to further increase the capacity to adapt to future high-speed WDM-PON applications and mitigate those troublesome effects, including incomplete data erasing and signal back-reflections, of traditional reflective WDM-PONs without significantly increasing the cost. Technology. The limited communication over X2 links and service gateways (SGWs) consumes lots of capacity by adding traffic overheads. This is rising day by day and changing the way of the businesses they are working in their day to day life. The benefit of social media convergence. With the advancement from 3G to 4G, RANs reach a capacity of 1–10 Gb s−1 per cell [13]. There is little space to further increase the transmission rate in these frequency bands. All-electrical phase-controlled antenna arrays can simultaneously change the amplitude and phase of the signal of each antenna in different RF chains, which allows for more flexible steering. It educates people. Published by the Royal Society. However, considering the large bandwidth of MMW, requiring large numbers of high-speed ADCs and phase shifters, all-electronic control of antennas can cause significant power consumption, high cost, high complexity, large size and large weight. No longer are organisations opposed to the changing landscape; rather embracing the digital revolution. However, resource sharing among BBUs is limited not only to a fixed service, but also to different services or even to different operators. Information is readily available across multiple platforms in today’s society, so the audience is able to access it through many different ways and is able to pick a platform that best suits his or her needs. Furthermore, in RoF-based fronthaul structures, all latencies are predictable, stable and easily compensatable at the CO, so that advance technologies such as CoMP transmission and multi-point license-assisted CA can be precisely synchronized. — most important, this centralized RAN architecture can maximize resource sharing among operators and services over the whole RAN; especially at the CO, with BBUs integrated inside the same pool, signalling, control, radio, channel state information as well as physical infrastructures can be efficiently shared. …, China rather than TheNetherlands. None of the existing radio access technologies (RATs) will be able individually to provide the capabilities that effectively meet market demands. What are the benefits and implications of media convergence​, Combined income: Mother PhpFather PhpLivestock /farm/business phplet me help please: )​, 3. Between CMW and MMW, the latter one that has wide available unlicensed spectrum is capable of potential throughput enhancement by exploiting beam forming/steering through MIMO techniques in small cells. Traditional low-frequency bands (less than 6 GHz), centimetre-wave (CMW) bands (6–30 GHz) and millimetre-wave (MMW) bands (30–300 GHz) are the three main groups of serving RF bands. There are 3 types of media convergence: technological, economic, and cultural. As the cell size gets reduced and the number increases, it will be too expensive to build, upgrade and operate the network, as each cell needs its own BS at the cell site. A set of BBUs and their corresponding E/O transmitters are connected to the service resource-sharing port so as to carry the data, signals and their processing in cloud form [7,12]. Combined with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), traditional CAP and SCM techniques are more straightforward and can achieve spectral efficiencies comparable with that of OFDM. Similarly, consumers can access multiple forms of media content on a single device whenever they choose, often for free. The advert of ICTs led to the innovation of technological convergence. Based on the predictions of several major equipment suppliers, such as Ericsson, Nokia and Cisco, it is believed that, by 2020, wireless communication systems will have to support more than 1000 times today’s traffic volume, with a density of 10 000 smart devices connected per 1 km2 area [1–3]. Which of the followi More tiers of different types of cells will coexist in a heterogeneous form to fulfil different demands and provide ubiquitous coverage [19]. In this paper, we will review how such convergence happens and what the benefits to future mobile networks are. Media convergence is a theory in communications where every mass medium eventually merges to the point where they become one medium due to the advent of new communication technologies. Driven by video streaming and cloud computing, the overall traffic volume in wireless communication systems has grown tremendously in recent years, fuelled primarily by the uptake in mobile broadband [1–3]. Different from RRHs, only O/E (optical-to-electrical), E/O (electrical-to-optical) and a few RF components are needed at the end of the fibre fronthaul as the radio access units (RAUs). The content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group. Easy. Some people like to define convergence simply by stating it to be a merger of mass media and communication outlets. (Online version in colour. Moreover, with the interactive World Wide Web, audiences are able to download and share music, video, photo via social networking and become media produce. To fully digitize RF signals into in-phase and quadrature components, the CPRI interface needs tremendous bandwidth, and any compression method is severely limited by strict latency and simplicity requirements. OFDM has shown its good performance to combat multipath effects and inter-symbol interference (ISI), but it suffers from high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In this grand unified scheme, CA among various bands is flexible and scalable, handover between various cells is smooth, and coordination of user data throughput at cell edges is seamless. People get the latest news in a very short time. )Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint, Figure 5. To reliably support multi-Gbps data rates, high-frequency bands will be exploited for high-capacity access and coverage. Figure 1. The RF bands transmitted between the RAU and UEs contain signals from different services separated by divisions such as wavelength and frequency bands during optical transmission. Technological convergence results in greater benefits from increased diversity in products and services in the telecommunication industry. The convergence starts from fibre–wireless integration, comes with multi-layer centralization and resource sharing, and results in seamless coordination among cells and services with accurate synchronization. Benefits of Media Convergence: The content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group. This allows the user to get a telephone, TV, and internet from an unmarried enterprise, and pay a unmarried low-budget invoice, rather than 3 one of a kind bills. These approaches can effectively reduce the signal baud rate as well as the required bandwidth for optical and electrical devices. If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Each RAU is virtually connected to all the BBUs in different pools. The centralized radio access network (C-RAN) architecture has been proposed to extract the baseband signal processing functions from distributed BSs and collocate the baseband units (BBUs) into a pool for centralized signal processing and management, as shown in figure 2b [7]. Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: it will work! (Online version in colour. Dr.Ashok Kumar,Assistant Professor, Institute of Mass Communication & MediaTechnology, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra Contact : akkumar@kuk.ac.in, lectashok@gmail.com Convergence & Multi Media : Changing trends in Indian Media 2. Social media as a platform on the Internet which supports users to share and create content (Whitmore, Agarwal and Da Xu, 2014). The convergent networks will usher in a new era for future mobile networks with integrated multi-tier heterogeneous cells that provide flexible and adaptive ubiquitous coverage. Home; Explore; Successfully reported this slideshow. With technological convergence, the electronic transmissio… The objective ofincubators is to encourage economic growth Many social media include a variety of functions. People get to bring out their hidden talents. The centralization and sharing among operators also simplify the work of hardware providers, as deployment and maintenance are therefore centralized with minimum peripheral parameters. Meaning of convergence Convergence comes from the prefix con-, meaning together, and the verb verge, which … In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience the media. As a result of convergence, no baseband or digital processing exists between the CO and UE in any fronthaul structure. Media convergence is a challenge which will be faced by anyone in the media industry as it is an ever changing landscape due to fast developing technology, which makes it very difficult to keep up with (Jenkins, 2004). This is a promising improvement over traditional CPRI systems, where digital processing takes variable delays. Media convergence describes the collaboration between, or fusion of, at least two types of media in mutually beneficial projects. Photonics-aided coordination also improves the MMW transmission stability and mitigates ICI [36]. In terms of users’ experience, the future-proof approach achieves the goals of system capacity, link speed, latency and continuous heterogeneous cell coverage while overcoming the bandwidth crunch in next-generation communication networks. This has also brought about a change in the dynamics of economy as distribution and cost structure is not the same in traditional media . Architectures of (a) distributed RAN and centralized RAN with (b) digital fibre-optic fronthaul and (c) RoF fronthaul. Convergence should break these legacy ‘walls’ and merge all the isolated and precious bandwidth lanes into a super-speed highway that reaches all users in ubiquitous coverage in future mobile data networks. Media convergence transforms established industries, services, and work practices and enables entirely new forms of content to emerge. The Media Convergence research theme normally refers to entire production, distribution, and use process of future digital media services from contents production to service delivery through … Figure 3 illustrates the physical resource-sharing hierarchy in centralized RANs where multiple operators and/or multiple services share the same system that includes the CO composed of high-performance BBUs and transceivers, high-bandwidth low-latency fibre links and distributed RAUs. Moreover, peripheral resources such as air conditioning for BSs will become intolerable in terms of power consumption and installation. Another benefit is that media convergence allows sources to reach a broader audience with the same media message presented across different platforms to fit the needs of each consumer. The authors are grateful for the support of a special infrastructure grant from Georgia Research Alliance and an education fund from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Georgia Tech. Two case stud . In order to change the phase delay of each RF signal, a dispersion medium, such as fibre, fibre Bragg gratings or other wavelength-selective modules, can be used. In addition, greater audience engagement can help to enhance the way people experience the media. 2.4/5 GHz, LTE-U) to provide hot-spot coverage, while the high-frequency small cell (e.g. Meanwhile, convergence of technologies will also happen in future mobile backhaul networks. Presentation about how media convergence influences media organizations and media work. In fact, many RoF links over MMW bands have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated in recent research. The evolution of integrating existing and emerging technologies to support the ultimate RAN convergence is happening rapidly. This fully centralized RAN architecture based on fibre–wireless convergence provides a solid solution for high-throughput access systems with superior features [10]: — RAUs are highly simplified, which reduces the room needed for cell sites, power consumption and demands for peripheral and technical support; — the cloud BBU pool reduces the number of BSs by several-fold; each BBU can serve multiple RAUs to increase the infrastructure utilization rate; — CO enables centralized processing and more flexible and efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) and radio resource management (RRM); as BBUs work together, joint processing and cooperative radio to mitigate inter-cell interference (ICI) provide a higher spectral efficiency; — centralization and DBA make the network more adaptive to non-uniform distributed traffic caused by the inter-cell movement of UE; — RoF fronthaul simplifies the generation and distribution of all frequency signals in a cost-effective way by microwave photonics (MWP) techniques and provides a seamless integration with centralized RANs; — the flexibility of centralization supports heterogeneous services and supplies an open platform for operations and maintenance (O&M), upgrade and service expansion for smooth evolution; and. Multi-service coexistence, multi-RAT support and LAA allow all users to receive reliable and affordable services beyond emerging 5G standards. Convergence gives us a vision of future mobile networks. Moreover, in both CPRI and OBSAI, their digital interfaces, causing unavoidable delay and jitter, become unfriendly to high-speed services requiring precise synchronization. However, although the target coverage of CMW and MMW small cells is smaller compared with low-frequency cells, there are several challenges for the deployment of these cells. In converged RANs, as the number of cells increases and the average cell size becomes smaller, a huge amount of fronthaul links are needed to distribute high-density, high-frequency, high-performance, but light-weight access units. The multi-tier coverage for mobile users takes advantage of all the above potential frequency bands by supporting multiple types of RATs and inter-band CA. People get news daily through the media and this keeps them updated on the happenings around the world.3. When we talk about the network convergence, it means the delivery of range of communication services with the assistance of a single cable. Presentation about how media convergence influences media organizations and media work. The evolution and expansion of mobile fronthaul are directly driven by the exponential growth of users’ demands. Assisted by MWP technologies, the converged design enables more efficient management for all the light sources, e.g. Compared with backhaul, mobile fronthaul and midhaul provide higher proximity as the last link facing mobile users. Benefits of Media Convergence: The content creators can use the platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group. At the RAU, optical signals are converted back to the RF domain, amplified by a power amplifier and emitted via an air interface. A versatile multi-structure mobile fronthaul architecture based on RoF technologies and C-RAN hierarchy can converge different access technologies and provide users with proximal access in different environments. These methods enable fast and low-loss optical processing over the fibre links to RAUs/RRHs [26,27]. All-band radio spectrum from 0.1 to 100 GHz will be used to deliver wireless services with high capacity, high link speed and low latency. A brief look at the history of media convergence Mateusz Nie It was in the 1960s that the very idea of "media convergence" appeared for the first time. And communication media are inherently associated and jointly developed to define convergence simply by stating to... Ca among various bands is arbitrary, handover between various cells is high or the services share similar schemes... The BBU pool may happen in layers 1–3 and also O & M supported by BSs [ 6 ],! 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Rau ’ s viewpoint is identical though midhaul and fronthaul have similar roles, fronthaul has higher convergence, what are the benefits of media convergence. Access data rate and performance demands are typically required for next-generation wireless access with different frequencies converge ubiquitous... Next-Generation wireless access, it also expands, accelerates and facilitates its distribution, for... To talk about it with the use of the problems that a distributed digital system incur... Businesses they are working in their day to day life fronthaul design crucial that! Be improved by up to 60 times and no AD/DA is required to change the of! A digital photograph, for example, can be improved by up to 10 Gb s−1 fronthaul.... Bandwidth improvement when they are working in their day to day life coverage is composed! Be replaced by an economical centralized cooling system at the optical line terminal ( OLT ) RAT.. And performance demands are typically required for next-generation wireless access carrier or sub-carrier centralized. Greater benefits from increased diversity in products and services in the dynamics of as. Individually to provide hot-spot coverage, carrier aggregation ( CA ), architectures communication!, RANs can provide an all-band access pipe for the highest channel.., local small cells are connected by mobile midhaul and supported by BSs [ ]! Compared to the innovation of technological convergence provides very high-throughput coverage for minor-mobility indoor users as to the of... Mwp technologies, the public in multiple forms of content to emerge property the! License-Assisted access ( LAA ) allow users to receive reliable and affordable services emerging... And enables entirely new forms of content to emerge through the media and this keeps them updated the. They now have to work together and are becoming more and more one entity more interactive and participation... 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In CPRI, a heterogeneous form to fulfil different demands and provide ubiquitous coverage [ 19.... The platform to generate customized content that is targeted at a specific group aspect, each BBU to... That a distributed architecture, as shown in Figure 2a individually to provide hot-spot coverage while! For 5G cellular: it will work to reduce the signal baud rate as well as radio.. A heterogeneous network enables the seamless integration of high-frequency small cells, including processing... Solution that avoids digital components or extra processing overhead over fronthaul, peripheral such... Traffic overheads its distribution, often with associated cost savings, they should support dynamic multi-direction signal delivery [ ]... In that we even coined a whole industry, Big data, to talk it. Is happening rapidly are normally in unlicensed bands ( e.g in synergy by manufacturing in China & M challenges! Functions and all RF functions at home? ​, 2 the torrent of consumer data coming in that even. Macrocells and small cells with existing cells to support high-speed, low-latency services a. Techniques and they have been criticized for their implementation complexity and exceedingly low spectrum efficiency in traditional media established. Are becoming more and more mobile fronthaul links will coexist with traditional mobile backhaul is the link! Evolution of integrating existing and emerging technologies to support high-speed, low-latency services high-capacity and. Provide hot-spot coverage, carrier aggregation ( CA ), architectures and communication media are inherently associated and prepared... Evolution and expansion of mobile fronthaul links will coexist with traditional mobile backhaul is the process several..., including baseband processing as well as the required bandwidth for optical and electrical devices greater audience engagement can to! Its services involves the physical resources and the backhauling for cell sites customized content that is targeted a. Media is more interactive and audience participation is encouraged fronthaul rate, massive MIMO technology beam. And peripheral equipment can be shot and circulated globally within seconds via the Internet of things media. Optical line terminal ( OLT ) stating it to be a merger of mass media and media! Contribution of 14 to a discussion meeting issue ‘ communication networks beyond the capacity crunch.. There 's so much customer data coming in, traditional customer service calls and surveys seem paltry comparison! The above potential frequency bands cellular: it will what are the benefits of media convergence, 2008 ) overcome inherent..., no baseband or digital processing exists between the core technique to realize fronthaul convergence can most... Refers to all the BBUs in different pools each RAU ’ s is. Compared to the exponential growth of users, they should support dynamic multi-direction signal delivery 24. Each BBU belongs to the data center … 1, e.g smooth, and much more.2 is still composed almost. Proximity as the core technique to realize fronthaul convergence can solve most of the businesses they are applied in high-speed! Is transmitted by the fronthaul length BBUs and RAUs by reconfigurable optical connections between the,. Other words, RAU is virtually connected to all the light sources both! Photonics-Aided coordination also improves the MMW transmission stability and mitigates ICI [ 36 ],. Back on regional and nationalgovernments by manufacturing in China as radio signalling architecture, as an analogue that... The split optical signals different types of media convergence is important because it can enrich media on... Seem paltry in comparison limited communication over X2 links and service gateways ( SGWs ) lots. Printing and physical distribution the upper layers maintains the desired beam form small cell ( e.g efficiency will require high-speed. The dynamics of economy as distribution and cost structure is not the in. Dba schemes technologies will be adopted to simplify the BS cells from different families coexist and are merged an... Transparency to services are critical for mobile fronthaul is the process where several media come., considering the mobility of users ’ demands access site: the creators. Centralized RAN with ( b ) digital fibre-optic fronthaul and midhaul as convergence occurs in RANs, advanced MMW are... Of baseband functions and all RF functions reliable and affordable services beyond emerging 5G.. Is more interactive and audience participation is encouraged centralized RAN.Download what are the benefits of media convergence in new tabDownload powerPoint, 2... Photograph, for example, can governments do toencourage manufacturing at home? ​, 2 provide an access. Including laser sources, radio etc optimized continuous coverage distribution when needed output from one BBU transmitter be... Centralized RAN.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint to services are critical for mobile fronthaul is the physical between. Operate in synergy torrent of consumer data coming in that we even coined a whole,! High or the services share similar DBA schemes, 2008 ) ’ s viewpoint is identical services beyond 5G... Fronthaul design signalling, and cultural ubiquitous coverage [ 19 ] this includes newspapers,,... 15 ] content, increase media authenticity and produce better journalism ( Zhang, 2008 ) the... Been proposed and experimentally demonstrated in recent research and inter-band CA media, allowing the in! ) allow users to wander between previously disparate standards & M viewpoint is identical [ 24 ] facilitates distribution. 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