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Like his predecessors in Anjou, Fulk was a great builder of castles. by E. Hallam, p.38. Crusader Kings Family Tree | Kingdom of Jerusalem - YouTube 83-86, calls him (86) a 'man of note' and a 'pioneer in the art of feudal government,' particularly in the building and strategic use of stone castles. 1092-1143. fulk king of jerusalem family tree - condeto.com [3] Bachrach 1993, p. 14. As regent he had Raymund of Poitou marry the infant Constance of Antioch, daughter of Bohemund II and Alice of Antioch, and niece to Melisende. Fulk first visited Palestine in 1120 and returned in 1129 to marry Melisend, daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. He was both cruel and devotional, and had a violent and pious temperament. John's arrival was ignored by Fulk, who declined an invitation to meet the emperor in Jerusalem. Fulk made a second pilgrimage in 1008, obliged to do so by the king as punishment after Fulk ordered the murder of an enemy. But the great problem with which he had to deal was the progress of the atabeg Zengi of Mosul. Fulk, born 1043, [3] was the younger son of Geoffrey II, Count of Gtinais (sometimes known as Aubri), and Ermengarde of Anjou. Thus began the war on God's behalf. 11311143 Fulk, King of Jerusalem | Military Wiki | Fandom This lukewarm response dissuaded John from carrying through his intention, and he postponed his pilgrimage. Then The Order of the Knights Templar was established in 1119-1120. chickasaw nation hunting and fishing license application Facebook margaret josephs book sales Twitter platinum jubilee merchandise Instagram where did jaime escalante live YouTube tulare county office of education selpa Pinterest. Fulk was an old man when he decided to make what might be his last pilgrimage, as penance for his sins. King of Jersusalem. In Jerusalem as well, Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade. Sometime before 1136 Fulk reconciled with his wife, and a second son, Amalric was born. Death of Fulk III "the Black", count of An "Le Noir", "Nerra", "Foulques", "Count D'anjou", "Fulke De Anjou", Beaulieu, Alpes-Maritimes, Provence-Alpes-Cte d'Azur, France, Count of Anjou, Conde de Anjou, One of the remarkable rulers of this period (see notes), Senechal de France, COUNT OF ANJOU, 'NERRA', Greve av Anjou, Greve, @occu00052@, Comte de Anjou "Le Noir", Comte, d'Anjou, v.987, Snchal, de France. Fulk abdicated his county seat of Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem, where he married Melisende on 2 June 1129. running away gif funny; 30. emerson college winter break . He was also the paternal grandfather of Henry II of England. Family Tree Maker user home page for Tamra--W-Monroe. Historical Fiction Fulk's son Geoffrey II 'Martel' (1040-60) pursued the policy of expansion begun by his father and annexed the Vendmois and a part of Maine to Anjou. Foulques V (Anjou) d'Anjou is shown in our ancestor listing, http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/25236-Haplogroups-of-European-kings-and-queens, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#_Toc278003103, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11784872. John's intention of making a pilgrimage, accompanied by his impressive army, to Jerusalem alarmed Fulk, who wrote to John pointing out that his kingdom was poor and could not support the passage of a large army. Fulk III "the Black" of Maine, Count of Anjou 159 (Adelaide , of Vermandois80, Robert, of Vermandois, Count of Trois and Meaux58, Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, Soissons and Troyes39, Herbert I, Count of Vermandois25, Pepin, Count of Senlis, Peronne, St. Quentin15, Bernard, King of Italy5, Pepin, King of Italy and Lombardy2, Charlemagne, King of France, Holy Roman Emperor1) died on 21 Jun 1040. A ruthless warrior who burned and pillaged the monasteries in his path, Fulk nevertheless felt the need for penance, making three pilgrimages to the Holy Land and founding or restoring several abbeys, including those in or near Angers, Loches, and Saumur. In 1137 he was beaten near Barin and, escaping into the fort, was surrounded and forced to capitulate. 1124), married in 1134 Thierry, Count of Flanders. Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey by his first wife, and Baldwin and Amalric by Melisende. See more ideas about plantagenet, king of jerusalem, history. By his second wife (1001), Hildegard of Sundgau, he had two children, Geoffrey Martel, who was his successor, and Ermengard. Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II. This Fulk was filled with unbridled passion, a temper directed to extremes. Fulk became overcome with passion and devotion in the Holy Lands. As regent he had Raymond of Poitou marry the infant princess Constance of Antioch, his and Melisende's niece. The most popular destinations were Santiago de Compostela in Spain, to Rome, and to Jerusalem. Fulk accepted the offer; and in 1129 he was married to Melisinda, receiving the towns of Acre and Tyre as her dower. The Patriarch interceded in the conflict, perhaps at the behest of Melisende. Fulk, or his supporters, were commonly believed responsible, though direct proof never surfaced. Preceded by: In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband and bigamously married King Philip I of France. This Fulk was filled with unbridled passion, a temper directed to extremes. Fulk of Anjo u, plunderer, murderer, robber, and swearer of false oaths, a truly terrifying character of fiendish cruelty, founded not one but two large abbeys. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other crusader states were ruled by Franks, French-speaking Catholics who had arrived in the Levant from Western Europe and remained Western in culture. Fulk V "The Young" Count of Anjou + Ermentrude of Maine 6 Sources 4 Death [2] He had an older sister: Hermengarde (b. Hugh rebelled in protest. Conrad (25 April 1228 - 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem. Whenever he had the slightest difference with a neighbor he rushed upon his lands, ravaging, pillaging, raping, and killing; nothing could stop him, least of all the commandments of God. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Simple . When the knights agreed to make Malta their headquarters, they realized that they needed a defensible city to protect the island against the Turkish hordes. Fulk of Anjou, plunderer, murderer, robber, and swearer of fale oaths, a truly terrifying character of fiendish cruelty, founded not one but two large abbeys. Baron Segewold.He married 508710923. . Geoffrey II, in 1006,[7] who became known as Geoffrey Martel, succeeded Fulk as Count of Anjou in 1040. Indexes. Major children and living persons must directly contact the, Relationship with x x (Sosa/Ahnentafel #1), Relationship with Ermengarde Of Maine (spouse), Relationship with Queen Melisende Of Jerusalem (spouse), Browse using this individual as Sosa/Ahnentafel #1, List of all individuals in the family tree, {{ 'gw_downgraded_access_back_to_max'|translate }}, Born between1089and1092 - Anjou, France, Deceased 13November1143 - Jerusalem, Israel. Fulk (Latin: Fulco, French: Foulque or Foulques; c. 1089/92 - 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. Baldwin acquiesced. (with Melisende) Succeeded by: Ibn al-Qalanisi (who calls him al-Kund Anjur, an Arabic rendering of "Count of Anjou") says that "he was not sound in his judgment nor was he successful in his administration." His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the east of the Dead Sea, and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea, Fulk had Blanchegarde, Ibelin, and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon. Hugh secured himself to Jaffa, and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon. He was a Knight of the Third Crusade and crowned King of Jerusalem by right of his father. A sub-order was called "The Canons of the Holy Sepulchre." Eastern Turkey was lost at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. As a result, historiography has this to say about him: Fulk of Anjou, plunderer, murderer, robber, and swearer of false oaths, a truly terrifying character of fiendish cruelty, founded not one but two large abbeys. King of Jerusalem - Wikipedia Fulk was born in Angers between 1089 and 1092, the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort. Tamra--W-Monroe - User Trees - Genealogy.com Pilgrimages led some Italian merchants to obtain, from the city's Muslim rulers, the right to maintain a Roman Catholic Church there. In 1137 and 1142, Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states. The kingdom, which had reached its zenith under Baldwin II, was quietly prosperous under Fulk's rule. Fulk I "The Red" Count of Anjou, King of Jerusalem (870-938) Family mother Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem father Hodierne de Jrusalem,Comtesse . Fulk saw Hugh as a rival, and it did not help matters when Hugh's own step-son accused him of disloyalty. They were responsible for guarding the tomb of Christ. The secular faction was victorious, however, and the kingdom developed along the same lines as the monarchies of Western Europe, with which it had close connections, both politically and through the familial relationships of its rulers. Whenever he had the slightest difference with a neighbor he rushed upon his lands, ravaging, pillaging, raping, and killing; nothing could stop him, least of all the commandments of God. He was the son of Geoffrey Greymantle and Adelaide of Vermandois. 7 Historical Fiction Fulk, King of Jerusalem Wiki - everipedia.org Whenever he had the slightest difference with a neighbor he rushed upon his lands, ravaging, pillaging, raping, and killing; nothing could stop him, least of all the commandments of God. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. If so, login to add it. Fulk I also refers to Fulk, King of Jerusalem. When taken w/ remorse he abandoned himself to incredible penances. In the next year, he married Ermengarde of Maine, cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine. Fulk V the Younger (King of Jerusalem) Anjou was born on month day 1092, at birth place, to FULKE IV the RUDE th Count Anjou and Bertrade Anjou (born DeMontfort). Ermengarde, countess of Maine & Falk King of Jerusalem - family history As Fulk V, he became count of Anjou in 1109. Medieval and Middle Ages History Timelines - Fulk (V, of Anjou) Hugh rebelled in protest. [edit] Fulk V - Biography | The Booth Family - WordPress.com Laparelli was the great Michelangelo's assistant. Fulk, King of Jerusalem - Interesting stories about famous people Fulk came into conflict with the Counts of Rennes, he conquered and slew Conan I of Rennes at the Battle of Conquereuil on 27 June 992. Fulk was a devout Christian, who built, enlarged or endowed several abbeys and monasteries, such as the Abbey of Beaulieu-les-Loches, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, Saint-Aubin, and a convent, Notre Dame de la Charit at Ronceray in Angers. -, 13th century painting depicting Fulk V, King of Jerusalem. Fulk was both cruel and devotional. By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. 125v. Hi Everyone! Baldwin II, reflecting on Fulk's fortune and military exploits, acquiesced. Spouse: Hildegarde Of Lotharingia. His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the south of the Dead Sea, and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea, Fulk had Blanche Garde, Ibelin, and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon. Baldwin III ascended the throne with his mother as co-ruler, in 1143. Fulk abdicated Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem married Melisende on June 2, 1129. R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, pp. Spouse: Elizabeth De VENDOME. [4] Bachrach 1993, p. 16. (Apparently an old version of the Wikipedia page). He became count of Anjou upon his father's death in 1109, at the age of approximately twenty. However, an assassination attempt was made against Hugh. Grand Master Laparelli left for active service in Crete, and died. Dec 29, 2016 - Explore rfik's board "Fulk V" on Pinterest. The other Crusader states to the north feared that Fulk would attempt to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them, as Baldwin II had done. "In Jerusalem, Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade. Their four children were: His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem. Damascus was also threatened by Zengi. Though their marriage started in conflict, Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly. Fulk (Latin language: Fulco, French; c. 1089/92 - 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband, and bigamously married King Philip I of France . Junior king of England; Reign: 14 June 1170 - 11 June 1183: Coronation: 14 June 1170 In Jerusalem as well, Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade. Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander, and a widower. Fulk was killed in a hunting accident at Acre in 1143. 1 Count of Anjou Blessed Gerard's skull is precerved in the convent of St. Ursula, in Vallette, Malta. John's arrival was ignored by Fulk, who declined an invitation to meet the emperor in Jerusalem. Author and historian Bernard Hamilton wrote that Fulk's supporters "went in terror of their lives" in the palace. During their reign, the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent.. Count of Anjou. Relation within this family (if not by birth) Father: D'anjou, Fulk [I582805098] Mother: De Montfort, Bertrade [I582802647] D'anjou, Fulk [I582804311] Father: D'anjou, Fulk [I582805098] Stepmother: De Baugency, Hildegard [I582806443] Half-sister D'anjou, Ermengarde [I582803865] Father: D'anjou, Fulk [I582805098] Stepmother: UNKNOWN, Hermengarde . During his reign, the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent. Explore. Already in 1120 Fulk had visited the Holy Land and become a close friend of the Templars. Fulk married Hildegarde de Sundgau, whose family was from Lorraine, around December 1005. Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 9871040. Here is some research I found interesting stating, "All kings of France supposedly belonged to haplogroup R1b-Z381 (Y-DNA)." Index Page - wc.rootsweb.com In 1128 he was preparing to return to the east when he received an embassy from Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, who had no male heir to succeed him, offering his daughter Melisinda in marriage with the right of eventual succession to the kingdom. Exposed at first to the attacks of the counts of Brittany, Fulk had to fight for a long time to defend his frontiers, finally driving the Bretons back beyond the frontiers of Anjou. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He was the Count of Maine ( jure uxoris) 1110-1129. In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband and became the mistress of King Philip I of France. His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the south of the Dead Sea, and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea, Fulk had Blanche Garde, Ibelin, and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon. He was the second son of Melisende and Fulk of Jerusalem, and succeeded his older brother Baldwin III. originally an opponent of Henry I of England and a supporter of Louis VI of France, but in 1127 he allied with Henry when Henry arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Fulk's son, Geoffrey of Anjou. 1 reference. Sibylle Of Anjou 1112-1165. Hugh secured himself to Jaffa, and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon. Barrett Family Tree (genealogie) - Geneanet This diagram lists the rulers of the kingdom of Jerusalem, since the conquest of the city in 1099, during the First Crusade, to 1291, year of the fall of Acre . Fulk (Latin: Fulco, French: Foulque or Foulques; c. 1089/92 - 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. Pilgrimages were an important part of religious life in the Middle Ages. Fulk was born at Angers, between 1089 and 1092, the son of . King of Jerusalem Fulk (The Young) D'Anjou V - GenoPro A > Anjou | D > d'Anjou > Fulk (Anjou) d'Anjou, Categories: Crusades | Knights Templar | House of Anjou | Nobility of the Crusader States, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. However, Fulk held out for better terms than mere consort of the queen. The pilgrim's hospital was dedicated to St. John the Baptist and founded around 1070 as part of a Benedictine monastery. Fulk V became count of Anjou upon his father's death in 1109. Geoffrey's successor Fulk III Nerra [d.1040], one of the most remarkable figures of his period and the most powerful member of the dynasty, ruled from 987 to 1040. Fulk, or his supporters, were commonly believed responsible, though direct proof never surfaced. Fulk Anjou - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage 1124), married in 1134 Thierry, Count of Flanders Count of Anjou (r. 1109-1129) and the King of Jerusalem (r.1131-1143) Statements. Birth: 21 Jun 0967 in of, , Anjou, France Death: 1040 in Anjou, France. He then extended his power over the Counties of Maine and Touraine. who were melisende parents and why were they important Fulk may have married as many as five times; there is some doubt regarding two of the marriages. In 1137 he allied himself with the Byzantines against a Turkish leader, Imd ad-Dn Zang, of Mosul (Iraq), and in 1140 helped the Muslims of Damascus ward off Zangs armies. "Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin II's death. I've done my DNA; the people in the articles of Fulk d'Anjou - are they Jewish, White or Dark? fulk king of jerusalem family tree - luxurybroker.ca Fulk, King of Jerusalem Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com Previously Fulk was known as "the Black." Fulk (Latin: Fulco, French: Foulque or Foulques; c. 1089/92 - 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. Payne, Robert. From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government, excluding Melisende altogether. Thus the very tomb of St. Martin, whose monks hehad ill-treated, saw him prostrate, with bare feet and in penitent's dress; and four times during his life he went to Jerusalem as a devout pilgrim, treading half-naked the sorrowful road of the passion while two of his servants flogged him until the blood flowed, crying, "Lord, receive thy perjured Fulk!" The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in 1135 AD, during the reign of Fulk. Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey of Anjou by his first wife, and Baldwin III and Amalric I by Melisende. Fulk died in Metz while returning from his last pilgrimage. Death Fulk was born between 1089 and 1092, the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort. King of Jerusalem - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Fulk exerted his control over his vassals and was later caught up in dynastic quarrels between the French and English kings. (Orderic Vitalis) He returned, late in 1121, after which he began to subsidize the Templars, maintaining two knights in the Holy Land for a year. He finally drove his encroaching neighbours back beyond the frontiers of Anjou and built strongly fortified castles along the border of his territory. Map Crusader states 1135-cs.svg 978 1,330; 169 KB Melisende of Jerusalem02.jpeg 267 356; 23 KB Nuremberg chronicles f 199r 2.jpg 235 261; 28 KB Categories: Crusaders Children were: Geoffrey Of Anjou MARTEL, Elizabeth De ANJOU, Geoffroy II De ANJOU, Comtesse Ermengarde D'ANJOU. . Melisende's sister Alice of Antioch, exiled from the Principality by Baldwin II, took control of Antioch once more after the death of her father. Name: Foulques III 1 2 Sex: M ALIA: "Le /Noir"/ Title: Count of Anjou Birth: 21 JUN 967 in Anjou, France Death: 21 JUN 1040 in Metz, Lorraine, France 1 Note: [Tertulle (Tercullus).ged]. Write by: Somewhere around 1135-1154, the Hospitallers were made independent of local religious authorities (The Muslims). Fulk V of Anjou (1089/1092 November 13, 1143), also known as Fulk the Young, and after 1131 as Fulk of Jerusalem, was Count of Anjou from 1109 to 1129, and king of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. This appalling man had countless crimes upon his conscience, but when seized with a fit of remorse he abandoned himself to incredible penances. February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 No Comments . He protected Jerusalem in the south by constructing a series of fortresses, including Krak des Chevaliers. _FA1: Acceded: 1109. Fulk's son Geoffrey V of Anjou (later nicknamed Plantagenet) marries Henry l daughter Matilda (Empress Matilda ) now heir to the English throne, but being a female and now married to an Angevin, the historical enemies of the ruling Norman dynasty, she was denied being crowned Queen of England. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. Fulk III, the Black (c. 9701040; Old French: Foulque Nerra) was an early Count of Anjou celebrated as one of the first great builders of medieval castles. Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled from the kingdom for three years, a lenient sentence. Half-siblings. Fulk was born between 1089 and 1092, the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort. Whenever he had the slightest difference with a neighbor he rushed upon his lands, ravaging, pillaging, raping, and killing; nothing could stop him, least of all the commandments of God (un des batailleurs les plus agits du Moyen ge and Wikipedia. See more ideas about plantagenet, king of jerusalem, history. "However, an assassination attempt was made against Hugh. He was the son of Geoffrey Greymantle and Adelaide of Vermandois. Fulk | king of Jerusalem | Britannica "Not all founders [of monasteries] were known for their kindness. Enter a grandparent's name. Count Geoffrey V of Anjou And Maine 1113-1151. Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker, the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978 Ms Roy. Fulk, King of Jerusalem - Wikidata You can also search for people by name. imported from Wikimedia project. Fulk was an old man when he decided to make what might be his last pilgrimage, as penance for his sins. In 1128 a delegation from Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, arrived in France, asking Louis VII to choose one of the French nobility to marry his daughter Melisande and become heir to the throne of Jerusalem. 25 Fulk V ideas | plantagenet, king of jerusalem, history - Pinterest Fulk (in French: Foulque; 1089/1092 Angers - 13 November 1143 Acre), also known as Fulk the Younger, was Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129, and King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. Fulk assumed control of the government, excluding Melisende. Known as a terrifying character of fiendish cruelty. 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica/Fulk, King of Jerusalem In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband and bigamously married King Philip I of France. The Dream and the Tomb, 1984 Illumination of the coronation of Henry in the Becket Leaves (c.1220-1240). Fulk (Latin: Fulco, French: Foulque or Foulques; c. 1089/1092 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem with his wife from 1131 to his death. He was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France, but in 1127 he allied with Henry when Henry arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Fulk's son Geoffrey of Anjou. Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin II's death. His experience in the field would prove invaluable in a frontier state always in the grip of war. From http://www.rpi.edu/~holmes/Hobbies/Genealogy/ps05/ps05_417.htm, Fulk V was "King of Jerusalem" as a Crusader. Later Baldwin II bolstered Melisende's position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk, Baldwin III, born in 1130. On the other hand, he made four pilgrimages to the Holy Land in 1002, 1008, and 1038 and, in 1007, built the great abbey at Beaulieu-ls-Loches. See also [ edit] Crusade Kings of Jerusalem Kingdom of Jerusalem Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk, but this situation could not hold. In 1110, Fulk married Erembourg/Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. [edit] Trips to Jerusalem were dangerous, since Jerusalem had been in Muslim hands since the seventh century. He was only fifteen when he succeeded his father, and had a violent but also pious temperament, was partial to acts of extreme cruelty as well as penitence.

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